2026
Development of the Esports Orientation Tendency Scale (ESOTS) New scale
A new instrument measuring individuals' orientation toward esports.
A questionnaire score is only useful if the items measure the construct they claim to measure, measure it consistently, and work the same way for the people who answer them. Scale development builds a new instrument from a clear definition of the construct. Scale adaptation carries an existing instrument into a new language or culture, and then has to show again that it still works.
I work with researchers in health, sport and education who need an instrument that will hold up in review: planning the study, choosing the analyses, and building the reliability and validity evidence that goes into the paper.
Standardized Cronbach's α (Cronbach, 1951) under equal inter-item correlations, from the Spearman–Brown formula (Spearman, 1910; Brown, 1910): α = k·r̄ / (1 + (k − 1)·r̄). The .70 / .80 / .90 lines are common rules of thumb (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994), not fixed cut-offs. Real scales also need evidence on factor structure and validity; α alone is not enough.
Literature review and a written definition of what the scale should and should not cover.
More items than needed, with a clear response format and wording rules.
Content validity ratings from subject experts, then revision of weak items.
A first sample to check item statistics, clarity and response patterns.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to test the intended dimensions.
Internal consistency, composite reliability and, where needed, test–retest.
Checking that the scale works the same way across gender, age or other groups.
Scoring guidance and a write-up that reviewers and users can follow.
For adaptations, steps one and two become forward and back translation, expert review of cultural fit and language equivalence, and a check that the original factor structure holds in the new sample, following the ITC guidelines (International Test Commission, 2017). The sequence above follows DeVellis and Thorpe (2022).
A new instrument measuring individuals' orientation toward esports.
Reliability and validity evidence for a scale measuring children's digital addiction.
Turkish adaptation of a questionnaire on athletes' imagery ability.
Reliability and validity evidence for a scale on rational medicine use.
Reliability and validity evidence for a scale measuring anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reliability and validity evidence for a scale measuring engagement in sport.
Examines what affects the spacing between response categories in rating scales.
Compares Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimation for CFA across sample sizes.